Table IV-7 Estimates of Gender Difference in Mathematics Achievement of Low-Achieving Students

Fixed Effects	Chinese Taipei		Hong Kong SAR		Japan		Korea		Singapore
	b	SE	b	SE	b	SE	b	SE	b	SE
Intercept	452.539***	2.961	485.960***	5.572	453.520***	2.886	478.800***	2.815	500.150***	2.638
Student-Level
Gender	−8.908**	2.863	−11.242**	4.098	0.835	4.058	−3.572	3.133	−9.604**	2.739
Science Achievement	0.597***	0.051	0.473***	0.039	0.449***	0.060	0.464***	0.048	0.488***	0.030
Home Edu Resources	0.829	1.043	−0.015	1.273	0.946	1.473	1.583	0.838	0.188	0.916
Like Math	3.550	1.768	2.438	1.702	2.846	2.073	2.133	1.138	4.605**	1.232
Engaging Teaching	−0.780	1.024	−0.163	1.428	−0.858	1.457	−1.499	1.105	−2.026*	0.762
Confidence in Math	2.672*	1.048	2.024	1.236	1.085	1.583	4.573**	1.172	4.389***	0.997
Value Math	−1.726	1.141	0.921	1.260	0.963	1.383	0.672*	0.975	−0.943	0.762
School-Level
Emp on Acad Success	0.491	1.010	1.100	1.644	1.856	1.241	0.712	1.067	−0.078	1.372
Discipline Problem	1.824	0.965	2.159	1.908	−0.943	1.204	−0.979	0.930	1.513	1.513
Location	7.059*	3.129	−8.100	6.337	1.250	3.377	0.852	3.029	−	−
Random Effects
Between Students	46.642		197.372***		27.828		7.186		160.943***
Between Schools	1569.871		1424.135		1482.986		1445.276		1094.066
ICC	0.029		0.122		0.018		0.005		0.128
Variance Explained (%)
Between Students	74.17		72.89		67.49		55.72		80.77
Between Schools	42.77		31.48		31.08		34.57		35.31

p<.001,
p<.01,
p<.05